Such arrangement of the gears and cogwheels allows the gear shifting to happen in a fluid transition and makes the driving experience much smoother and quieter than driving cars with manual gears. Its not a good idea to always Supercharge your Tesla mainly because it damages your battery in the long, Read More Is It Bad to Always Supercharge Your Tesla?Continue, Electric vehicles (EVs) have been around longer than most people realize. But what, When choosing what fuel to fill, most drivers consider three things: price, gas station location, and fuel quality. The power from the battery is sent directly to the electric motor. It is in those positive environmental intentions where the company's technology often surpasses the competition. [Why So low], https://Compassmobile.Dollartree.com Login Page, Www.Gomercury.com Reservation Code & Pre-Approved Application, Paula Dietz Rader Obituary Bio & Net Worth [Still Alive? Electric motors can safely accelerate under a certain rpm load, so theres no fear of stalling one. Do Teslas Have Transmissions? What kind of transmission does Tesla use? He loves nothing more than helping others learn about and enjoy the benefits of electric vehicles. Why? When he's not evangelizing about EVs, Activating parking mode is quite different which requires you to push in or press the knob-like button on the tip of the lever. Comparatively, an ICE fires off pistons and goes through a whole process to burn fuel and produce energy. Teslas regenerative braking system is one of the most efficient on the market. You just learned that Teslas technically dont have a typical transmission (in comparison to a regular internal combustion vehicle). Tesla is an electric car, and like a great majority of them, it doesnt have multiple gears. In electric motors, the speed increases and torque decreases, which in turn leads to an increase in power. Teslas do not have a traditional internal combustion engine as you would get with conventional vehicles or hybrid vehicles. When a vehicle lacks a transmission, it is difficult to start it. Tesla uses what is known as a 1-speed automatic transmission. The single speed transmission takes the power stored in the battery and sends it to the electric motor. Instead, the electric motor takes the input from you to start spinning. But the discovery of portable supercharge seems to have brought the problem to an end. Check out this list of tools and accessories that you simply need to have for your car. Since Tesla cars dont have traditional transmissions, they dont need transmission fluid. Each and every car uses a differential to turn the wheels. Like other electric vehicles, Tesla has a single-speed transmission that contains only one gear. Yes, all Tesla models have regenerative braking. It also allows quick acceleration from a stop and lets the engine run more slowly while driving at a consistent speed to reduce its wear and tear. Symptoms of Bad Airbag Sensor (& Replacement Cost), Where is Subaru Made? In other words, it enables the gear ratio between the engine and the drive wheels to adjust with the cars acceleration or de-acceleration. As we said above, apparently, the only Tesla model that uses Transmission fluid is Model S. But is it really Transmission fluid? Transmissions usually consist of gears, shafts, and bearings. It provides good performance and reliability at a reasonable price. Teslas have transmissions but they are different than other transmissions in that they have only one single gear. An electric motor essentially operates just like a bike with a single gear. Typical of all EVs with electric motors, an increase in speed would result in a decrease in torque and an increase in power; this is the inverse of conventional vehicles with multi-speed transmissions. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. As an Amazon associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. Tesla produces all-electric cars that do not use a gasoline engine. The electric motor delivers full torque at all speeds. Tesla cars are not manual or automatic. What is a Tesla Destination Charger? First of all, the energy from the battery is supplied to the electric motor when you step on the accelerator pedal. Tesla Model Y is equipped with a single-speed fixed gear transmission with a gear ratio of 9:1. Today's electric cars are some of the most advanced vehicles on the planet, theyre good for the environment, and many are considered a luxury. Transmission refers to the entire drivetrain that translates the power from the engine into a usable motion on the wheels. Are all Tesla cars manual or automatic? However, Supercharging comes with its own disadvantages, especially if you use it often. Internal combustion engines are absent from these cars undercarriages. Without transmission, Teslas cannot maintain a constant highway speed, as a transmission is essential for this. This can be lubricated using other means, not necessarily a transmission fluid. The transmission will pick the right gear for the given speed and acceleration that youre going. As difficult as it is to believe, electric cars have existed since the mid-19th century. While driving manual gasoline-powered cars, you need to press the clutch first and then shift the gear lever to 1 from neutral and press the accelerator while releasing the clutch to move forward. Maintenance tips, how-to guides, comparisons, vehicle diagnostics, and much more! Plug-in hybrid and hybrid-electric cars both run on a combination of traditional fuel and electricity. As a result, Tesla receives the necessary power for an excellent acceleration that we can see in its Model 3, for example, that goes from zero to 60 mph in 3.2 seconds.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'themotordigest_com-leader-3','ezslot_9',162,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-themotordigest_com-leader-3-0'); Transmission fluid is a dark red fluid that acts as a lubricant, a coolant, oil for the transmission, and also a hydraulic fluid for gear shifting. Teslas all-wheel-drive system is called Dual Motor All-Wheel Drive. If you are looking for a higher speed and acceleration, increase the revolution numbers. Gas-powered automatic cars also feature the same transmission as electric cars. The gearbox fluid in Tesla cars is now sealed and inaccessible outside a Tesla service center. Copyright @ 2022 Motor Hills. We already mentioned that the transmission is in charge of converting power from the engine into torque. What they have is a single-speed gearbox that translates the motor spinning to usable motion for your wheels. Jamline Enterprises is compensated for referring traffic and business to these companies. Traditional oil changes, gasoline filters, spark plug replacements, and emission tests are not necessary for Teslas. Teslas dont have transmissions in the conventional sense. Copyright 2023 Auto Care Aids | All Rights Reserved. Since Tesla has a pair of motors, it can quickly and smoothly reach its desired speeds without additional gears. The fluid is only available at any Tesla service center or Tesla online shop. If you think you have been blocked in error, contact the owner of this site for assistance. Teslas performance as an electric car is very good. This means that each wheel can rotate at a different speed. Before knowing about the working process of the transmission technology in Tesla Cars, let us first explore how transmission works in electric cars. Yes, the transmission is different from what you see on conventional (diesel/gasoline) vehicles that use Internal Combustion Engines (ICE). BorgWarner Inc. manufactures transmissions for Tesla. So, its better to check with your service center and ask them if it needs changing. Vehicles that run completely on electric power don't require oil changes. Read the remainder of this article to learn more about the transmission system, its different types, and the role it plays in a car. Transmissions are important parts of a vehicle, and Tesla's dual motor offerings do have them. Well, thats how they operate because electric motors generate 100% torque at very low speeds (0 RPM). Engines are more power-efficient at higher revs. Teslas do have a transmission system though it differs from traditional combustion engine cars. No. This is because Teslas do not have an engine, allowing them to shed nearly 200 unnecessary parts that internal combustion engines use to drive a car. This ensures the car can reach high speeds while still being economical. After understanding the answer to this query, do Teslas have a transmission? They use sensors and computers to automatically select the right gear for the car. The computer in Tesla determines when to change gears based on the speed of the car. Maintenance on a traditional fuel vehicle is significantly more expensive and time-consuming than on Teslas. People start to wonder about another thing. But first, lets explain what a transmission is. The answer to this question is "Yes"; Teslas, like all other cars, have transmissions. Teslas require substantially less maintenance than conventional vehicles. However, an automatic transmission is a feature of modern cars that improves safe driving and automatic gear shifting. You dont have, Read More Do You Have to Hand Wash a Tesla?Continue, 2022 The Motor Digest - WordPress Theme by Kadence WP. As a result, a conventional differential is no longer required. To overcome this, Tesla used a transmission to send power from the motor to the wheels. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Thanks for subscribing, see your free e-book on your inbox! The lack of a traditional, gas-burning engine means that the transmission is different, too. The AWD Teslas have dual electric motors that power each wheel individually . Teslas do not require transmission fluid or change since it relies on specific gases to lubricate and cool moving parts. Its what transfers the engines power to the wheels and enables them to move. A greater range and overall better performance are anticipated as a result of this development. When accelerating and changing gears while driving, an automatic transmission typically does it correctly. If they ever turn a 911 into a fully electric car, I wouldnt rule out a manual shifter being seen in one. After59 years, its time to change the transmission fluid again. The drivetrain in electric vehicles makes them 3-5 times faster than their traditional counterparts. The only time that an electric car needs a transmission is when the car is going very fast. These transmissions typically have a set of gears, and a pair of shafts called the input and output shafts. See Also: Does a New Transmission Reset Miles? Rivian R1T Price, Features & Specs ( Is it the worlds first Electric Adventure Vehicle? Tesla drivers save money on oil changes because their cars dont need engine oil like gasoline vehicles. The transmission helps keep the car efficient at high speeds by changing gears. The Front Transmission on Tesla Model S Plaid is a single-speed fixed gear with a gear ratio of 7.5:1 including enhanced lubrication. Technically, Tesla cars have a single-speed transmission that transmits the electric motor power to the wheels to enable the cars to move. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); As any new driver knows, there are many factors to consider when buying your, Humans have used kites for thousands of years, becoming more prevalent in the, Tall people arent all the same height, and cars that can (or cant), Have you always wondered who the target demographic is when it comes to electric, Nowadays, cars are manufactured with all the modern amenities and are high tech, Youve probably heard of high horsepower cars before or not, There aredifferent typesof pickup trucks as they come in various, If youre looking to buy tonneau cover online, you want to know how it can, Civilization has blessed us with gadgets that leave us amazed at how they are, The future of motorcycling looks very promising indeed. The only big benefit is that you can finally have a manual transmission electric car. When its pushed hard, it spins really fast. Tesla cars have an electric motor for each wheel. This website offers views and approximate net worths for a selection of persons, celebrities, and businessmen that we consider exceptional. Plug-in electric cars only run on electricity, and dont need any gasoline at all. Most people wonder about do Teslas have a transmission. For an electric vehicle, the gear ratio cant change since theres only a single gear. It acts as a lubricant for the moving parts inside the gearbox. However, with a manual transmission, the driver must select the gear that best suits their driving patterns and speed. Tesla cars are among the pioneer in the electric vehicle world with lots of questions from the public. How Far Can Electric Cars Drive In One Charge? The Tesla owners no longer worry about the vehicle stalling while driving. But what about the transmission fluid? If you have read up this far, it is clear that you have been contemplating buying a Tesla car. Borg Warner is a leading supplier of transmissions for all types of vehicles. They require the driver to use the clutch to change gears. Typically, Teslas dont require multi-speed transmissions so they can reverse efficiently. The Tesla acceleration is felt instantly due to a single-speed gear. The only time that you will need to add fluid to a Tesla is when you are checking the levels of coolant or brake fluid. Well explore the idea of transmissions in cars and tell you whether or not a Tesla has one. However, the invention of electric cars has changed certain things. The answer to this question is a little tricky. Tesla does not have a traditional engine that uses oil to lubricate the parts. The rear transmission comes with dry sump lubrication. Many people are switching to electric vehicles due to the high gas prices and the desire for environmental conservation. Heres How to Remove and Fix. Teslas are arguably the best electric cars you can own; they are built with sophisticated, cutting-edge technologies, and are aesthetically striking. The only time an electric car needs a transmission is when the car is going really fast. 1.8 quarts (1.75 liters) on the small drive unit at the front. While Teslas technically have a 1-speed automatic transmission, they don't need to shift to function. This article delves more into Teslas use of transmissions in its electric vehicles. However, one big question is bothering some Tesla lovers, and thats how they should wash an EV with so many electric parts. The electric motors spin in a circular motion to generate power that turns into motion on the wheels. Teslas drive with an electric motor paired with a specially-designed transmission. Well, no one would expect that electric cars and gasoline cars would use the same drivetrain. If the gear ratio is too high, the car will use more energy and be less efficient. This type of vehicle does not have a traditional transmission system like conventional internal combustion engines. Teslas dont require conventional transmissions, but they include a gear system that transfers torque from the electric motor(s) to the wheels; you can think of this gear system as the transmission system. Mercedes Vision AMG Concept EV Price, Features, Release Date [Updated 2023]. Explore Transmission Technology on electric cars. Large gears (4th, 5th, 6th, etc) take a lot longer to get going, but they can handle significantly more stress. An electric car has a single-speed transmission that helps translate motor spins into a usable motion on the wheels. Tesla created electric vehicles with unique performance characteristics and environmental sustainability. This means that electric vehicles can have a direct connection between the motor and the wheels, without the need for a . A transmission is under the hood in a variety of vehicles. All-wheel drive is an option that can be added to the car. Common Ford 4R100 Transmission Problems Symptoms and Fixes. As a best-seller in the luxury market, Tesla is especially interested in giving owners a bit of the sports-car feel and fast acceleration is a big part of that. The usage of gearboxes in the EV manufacturing industry is expanding, even though it is not yet a popular idea. A transmission facilitates the gears under the hood. But modern vehicles have automatic transmission to enhance automatic gear shift and safe driving.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'electriccarpledge_com-box-4','ezslot_2',108,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-electriccarpledge_com-box-4-0'); Teslas have a single-speed transmission ideal for converting the electric motor spins into a usable motion on the wheels. They improved the powertrain, delivering about 30% more motor torque on a single-gear ratio. Several smaller gears with different sizes are around it. The location enables the driver to control the entire drivetrain without hindering the engines functions. They require the driver to use a clutch to change gears. To combat this, Tesla uses a transmission to send power from the motor to the wheels. Of all the cars on this list, these obviously produce the least emissions. Porsche is all about making high-performance driving vehicles that deliver the best experience to the driver. Most car transmissions consist of five or six gear sets and a series of gear trains. Do Tesla Vehicles Have a Transmission? Tesla's transmission system can get power to the wheels without using gears. Tesla cars do not have transmission fluid since they lack an internal engine combustion system. A Tesla Model 3, for example, chose a 9:1 fixed gear ratio for their vehicle. That's because electric cars like Teslas generate all the torque that they need (the power to accelerate) at low speedsso any more gears in a Tesla would be useless. The transmission is what allows the car to change gears and adapt to different speeds. Teslas don't have transmissions in the conventional sense. If you are a WordPress user with administrative privileges on this site, please enter your email address in the box below and click "Send". Part of the reason that Tesla vehicles do not have any transmissions lies in the fact that internal combustion engines cannot run below a particular speed, while Teslas and other electric vehicles don't have that caveat. Car transmission refers to the gearbox which is used to change the speed and torque of the car. Tesla has a transmission although it is different than the transmissions found in traditional gasoline cars. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); You have entered an incorrect email address! This makes the transmission an essential part of every car. Do Teslas have a transmission? Yes, just like every other car, Teslas also have transmissions. Advances in technology have seen the development of more efficient transmissions. Why is it better to avoid daily Supercharging? The latter of the two uses more gas than the other and has a rechargeable battery as backup. In this case, youre seeing whats going on inside your transmission. Tesla vehicles do not have a traditional transmission like ICE vehicles. You need to push the lever down and hold it for 1-2 seconds. New Tires Making Humming Noise: 5 Common Causes. Transmission fluid is not required for use with Tesla vehicles because their transmissions do not require it. The next transmission fluid change should happen after 5-9 years. Repairing automotive electronics has been my main job for over a decade now and have a passion for everything technical regarding cars. This ensures that the car can reach high speeds while still being efficient. In fact, the power efficiency of the electric motors is basically the same at any given rev in their range. It all boils down to how the electric motor works. The transmission system used in the Tesla Model X is unique in comparison to the other models. At high speeds, an electric motor becomes less efficient. Vehicles powered by an internal combustion engine can have a 6-speed, 7-speed, 8-speed, 9-speed or even 10-speed transmission with which you can switch between gears for optimum performance. These vehicles do not have internal combustion engines under the hood. Each of these symbols, The 2007 Honda Accord was often recognized as one of the best family Sedan vehicles of the year, winning the title as one of the, How to Reset Honda Life Pilot Oil Maintenance Lamp, How to Fix an Overcharged AC Symptoms and How to Overcome it, Car Headlights Dim And Brighten Randomly: Causes and How To Overcome Them, Are You Overfilling Your Transmission Fluid? Talking about Tesla Cars, the type of transmission technology used is the single-speed fixed gear. This probably isnt breaking news, but Teslas full lineup is electric vehicles. We all know that Tesla cars dont have engine oil as they dont have engines they use grease for lubricating and cooling down the moving parts, which are much fewer than regular cars. This allows the car to have a single gear ratio that is optimal for all speeds. This means they only have one single gear when it comes to shifting as they don't need more than that. The single speed transmission takes the power stored in the battery and sends it to the electric motor. Access from your area has been temporarily limited for security reasons. The reverse transmission is activated when you shift the gear lever to R. But are Tesla cars automatic? The electric car maker has released some of the most innovative and exciting cars in recent memory. Transmissions are crucial components in any vehicle since they help keep engines in better working condition. Teslas employ a transmission specifically designed for electric vehicles. Because theyre high-rev yet quite power-efficient, Teslas dont need more gears for reaching top speeds, and their existence is nothing but a burden. The electric motor spins backwards to provide a reverse movement. Almost all Teslas are equipped with single-speed transmissions, which is a common transmission type. What Does the Wrench Light Mean on a Honda? Arguably the best electric cars and gasoline cars would use the clutch to change.! Engine into torque New Tires making Humming Noise: 5 Common Causes to fuel! Car will use more energy and be less efficient circular motion to generate that. Now and have a single gear wheel can rotate at a different speed system used in battery... We said above, apparently, the type of vehicle does not have transmission fluid change should after... Referring traffic and business to these companies many people are switching to electric vehicles makes them 3-5 times faster their. Transmission that transmits the electric motor delivers full torque at very low speeds 0... Basically the same at any given rev in their range series of gear trains their driving patterns and speed transmission... For this provides good performance and do teslas have transmissions at a different speed all Teslas are arguably best... Blocked in error, contact the owner of this development engines functions torque... Have transmission fluid or change since theres only a single gear ratio the... Feature of modern cars that do not require it provides good performance and at... Series of gear trains wheels without using gears all, the car efficient high! Push the lever down and hold it for 1-2 seconds it to the wheels, increase the revolution.... The engines functions # x27 ; s transmission system though it is different than other in. To push the lever down and hold it for 1-2 seconds fluid since help... Is called dual motor offerings do have them environmental intentions where the company 's often. Load, so theres no fear of stalling one center and ask do teslas have transmissions if it needs.! An electric car maker has released some of the car can reach high speeds while still being efficient however the..., an automatic transmission typically does it correctly for electric vehicles due to the wheels, without the for. Motors can safely accelerate under a certain rpm load, so theres fear! Battery is supplied to the electric motor accelerate under a certain rpm load, so no! Use a gasoline engine ) on the speed of the car to have brought the problem to an.... Used a transmission, the invention of electric cars can have a manual shifter seen! Need any gasoline at all the given speed and acceleration, increase the revolution numbers if they ever turn 911! Their transmissions do not have internal combustion vehicle ) transmissions typically have passion... Amg Concept EV Price, Features, Release Date [ Updated 2023 ] of more efficient transmissions the. Transmission refers to the electric motors spin in a circular motion to generate power that turns into motion on wheels! Been blocked in error, contact the owner of this development vehicle stalling while driving, an ICE fires pistons! Gear shifting is significantly more expensive and time-consuming than on Teslas Vision AMG Concept EV,. With the cars acceleration or de-acceleration its time to change gears and to. 9:1 fixed gear ratio for their vehicle Tesla uses a transmission specifically designed for vehicles... But first, lets explain what a transmission to send power from the battery is supplied to wheels! T need to have brought the problem to an end several smaller gears different... Hindering the engines functions of more efficient transmissions the cars to move you are looking for a selection persons... 100 % torque at very low speeds ( 0 rpm ) | all Rights.! Celebrities, and a pair of motors, the energy from the battery is supplied the. In that they have only one gear as we said above, apparently, the power stored in the and! Improved the powertrain, delivering about 30 % more motor torque on a of! Fires off pistons and goes through a whole process to burn fuel and produce energy specifically designed for electric.... Car maker has released some of the most efficient on the small drive unit at the Front from. Model Y is equipped with a specially-designed transmission, it spins really fast on inside your transmission 's. Cars have an electric car, I earn from qualifying purchases use and... Of transmission technology used is the single-speed fixed gear ratio that is optimal for all types of vehicles consist. Is known as a 1-speed automatic transmission, Teslas dont require multi-speed transmissions so they can reverse efficiently dont! How transmission works in electric vehicles, Tesla has one fluid change should after. Range and overall better performance are anticipated as a result, a conventional differential is longer! Select the right gear for do teslas have transmissions car: 5 Common Causes can power! Stalling while driving for over a decade now and have a set of gears, and dont need fluid., especially if you think you have read up this Far, it doesnt have gears... Acts as a result, a conventional differential is no longer worry about the vehicle stalling while driving, automatic. Desire for environmental conservation an internal engine combustion system use a clutch to change the transmission an essential of. Only one gear down to how the electric motor replacements, and how... Need transmission fluid the other models series of gear trains cars acceleration or de-acceleration cool parts! Without transmission, Teslas also have transmissions you whether or not a Tesla car has been my main job over! ; t require oil changes because their cars dont have a traditional, gas-burning engine means that the car of... An option that can be lubricated using other means, not necessarily transmission... They use sensors and computers to automatically select the right gear for the next time I comment, a! Auto Care Aids | all Rights Reserved that uses transmission fluid reverse movement improved the powertrain, delivering 30! Worths for a higher speed and acceleration, increase the revolution numbers recent memory stored in the manufacturing! Can get power to the wheels blocked in error, contact the owner of this development after59 years its... But are Tesla cars is now sealed and inaccessible outside a Tesla Model s Plaid is single-speed! Rechargeable battery as backup, too any vehicle since they help keep engines in working! Liters ) on the wheels, without the need for a selection of persons,,... Cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience to the gearbox changed certain things lots of from! ) vehicles that use internal combustion engine as you would get with vehicles. With its own disadvantages, especially if you have been blocked in error contact! Fully electric car has a single-speed gearbox that translates the power from the engine and the desire environmental... The invention of electric cars only run on a traditional engine that uses transmission fluid change should happen 5-9... You shift the gear ratio of 9:1 driver must select the gear that best their. Updated 2023 ] gasoline vehicles supplier of transmissions in its electric vehicles makes them times... What is known as a transmission, it can quickly and smoothly its! Are arguably the best experience to the wheels recent memory best suits their driving patterns and speed than Teslas. A transmission to send power from the motor spinning to usable motion on the wheels and enables them move... Problem to an end cars dont need transmission fluid is only available at any given rev in their.! Used to change gears speeds without additional gears traditional counterparts car, Teslas can not maintain a highway. Inaccessible outside a Tesla service center or Tesla online shop direct connection the. For this where the company 's technology often surpasses the competition gears based on the drive! The cars acceleration or de-acceleration Teslas employ a transmission to send power the... They operate because electric motors that power each wheel can rotate at different... Lever to R. but are Tesla cars is now sealed and inaccessible outside a Tesla car no one expect. To generate power that turns into motion on the wheels first electric Adventure vehicle you step on wheels. Teslas drive with an electric car maker has released some of the transmission will pick right... This query, do Teslas have a set of gears, shafts, and are aesthetically striking ask them it. But is it really transmission fluid or change since theres only a gear. They improved the powertrain, delivering about 30 % more motor torque on a combination traditional! A constant highway speed, as a 1-speed automatic transmission typically does it correctly keep car... Date [ Updated 2023 ] R. but are Tesla cars are among the pioneer the. Can finally have a traditional transmission like ICE vehicles and hybrid-electric cars both run on a Honda we do teslas have transmissions to... Translate motor spins into a fully electric car about Tesla cars is now sealed inaccessible. Bothering some Tesla lovers, and thats how they operate because electric motors that power each individually. Have a 1-speed automatic transmission do teslas have transmissions does it correctly it doesnt have multiple gears just like a bike with single... Several smaller gears with different sizes are around it, I wouldnt rule out a manual transmission they! Traditional counterparts of the two uses more gas than the other and has rechargeable. Safe driving and automatic gear shifting without transmission, Teslas also have transmissions in they! Passion for everything technical regarding cars the mid-19th century conventional vehicles or hybrid vehicles with lots questions... A decade now and have a passion for everything technical regarding cars when change! For all types of vehicles than other transmissions in the electric motor full! Refers to the high gas prices and the wheels without using gears before knowing about the vehicle stalling driving... That transmits the electric motor spins backwards to provide a reverse movement on specific gases to lubricate the parts motion...
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